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新型种植体实现神经整合,或突破传统种植牙感知局限

 
Issuing time:2025-06-12 14:26Author:编辑部
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好的牙·讯|美国塔夫茨大学(Tufts University)牙科学院和医学院的科研团队近日在《科学报告》(Scientific Reports)期刊发表新研究,通过创新性手术方案将特殊设计的钛种植体植入大鼠颌骨,首次观察到区别于传统骨整合的纤维性界面整合现象。该技术旨在解决因牙周膜缺失导致的种植体本体感觉功能障碍问题。

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研究指出,天然牙周膜含有丰富的机械感受器与游离神经末梢,可向中脑传递感觉信号。传统种植牙通过骨整合固定,但无法恢复神经传导功能。

研究团队开发出直径小于天然牙根的压配式钛种植体,其表面覆盖弹性可降解纳米纤维涂层。该涂层采用多层有序堆叠技术吸附高稳定性FGF-β生长因子,并在舌侧牙槽嵴对应区域梯度富集大鼠牙髓干细胞。

配套开发的手术方案使用25G皮下针头改制器械——通过压平磨锐针头边缘制成显微手术刀,从远中龈沟入路渐进分离牙周纤维至根尖区,在完整拔除牙齿的同时最大程度保留牙槽窝内的鲁菲尼氏小体与游离神经末梢。种植体植入后立即用氰基丙烯酸酯粘接剂封闭界面。

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术后6周的显微CT影像显示,种植体与牙槽骨间存在0.7-0.9mm的持续性环形X线透射带,组织学检测确认无骨组织整合迹象,同时排除纤维-骨性结合可能。

实验动物血液生化指标、细胞因子水平及淋巴组织检测均未见异常。值得注意的是,种植体稳固度与传统种植体的初期稳定性相当,但其界面整合机制完全不同。

通讯作者Jake Chen教授阐释作用机制:“微创手术保留的神经末梢可能通过两种途径再生:涂层中的干细胞在生长因子诱导下分化为神经细胞,或断裂神经末梢直接与种植体界面形成神经吻合。这种纤维性界面整合可能替代传统骨整合的次级稳定性功能。”

该研究目前存在样本量较小且尚未通过神经影像验证感觉功能的局限。团队下一步将利用啮齿类动物特有的神经解剖优势——其31%体感皮层专门处理切牙信号,采用脑功能成像技术验证本体感觉传导通路。

(本内容图源:塔夫茨大学官网、Scientific Reports)

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